Others Conditions
Changes in sleep can occur in healthy individuals, including the following:
Others sleep disorders
Some disorders do not fit in any categories of the ICSD-II, such as the environmental sleep disorder, which is a condition induced by environmental factors that disturb sleep and in turn can lead to insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive daytime sleepiness).
Isolated symptoms
Isolated symptoms are the borderline between normal and abnormal sleep.
1. Long and short sleepers. People with a sleep duration disorder sleep more or less than the other members of their age group. A long sleeper is someone whose nightly length of sleep tends to be 10-12 hours, while a short sleeper is someone whose nightly length of sleep tends to be less than five hours. Long sleepers who do not get enough sleep may be sleepy during the day. Short sleepers present with no daytime sleepiness.
2. Primary snoring. Snoring can be intermittent (only a few times a week) without necessarily being associated with daytime symptoms (insomnia, daytime sleepiness). However, more frequent snoring may be a sign of sleep apnea or UARS. Snoring is very common (more than 50%) in adults. About 20% of children snore occasionally and 7-10% of children snore every night. Lastly, 2% of children who snore have sleep apnea. A polysomnography is not required to diagnose primary snoring.
3. Somniloquy. Somniloquy refers to talking in your sleep. Sleeptalking is an automatic and unconscious behaviour. This common sleep behaviour can appear at any age.
Other conditions
Finally, the ICSD-II also identifies other conditions (organic or psychiatric-behavioural) that are frequently encountered in the differential diagnosis of sleep disorders, and include the following:
1. Fatal familial insomnia (organic): a progressive disorder characterized by a difficulty falling or staying asleep with enacted dreams or stupors. Autonomic hyperactivity and cardio-respiratory failure are observed. This condition is caused by prions and eventually leads to death.
2. Sleep-related epilepsy (organic): epilepsy that occurs during sleep.
3. Sleep-related headaches (organic): headaches that occur during sleep or upon waking.
Lastly, many psychiatric disorders are associated with sleep-wake disruption, such as mood, anxiety, somatoform disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Reference:
American
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